σ G activity in the forespore depends on the formation of a secretion complex, known as the “feeding tube,” that bridges the mother cell and forespore and maintains forespore integrity. In the model organism Bacillus subtilis, sporulation-specific sigma factors activate compartment-specific transcriptional programs that drive spore morphogenesis. 10.1111/j. is an ancient developmental process that involves the formation of a highly resistant endospore within a larger mother cell. Characterization of relA and codY mutants of Listeria monocytogenes: identification of the CodY regulon and its role in virulence. Global transcriptional control by glucose and carbon regulator CcpA in Clostridium difficile. 10.1111/j.Īntunes A., Camiade E., Monot M., Courtois E., Barbut F., Sernova N. CcpA-mediated repression of Clostridium difficile toxin gene expression. Both fidaxomicin and vancomycin inhibit outgrowth of Clostridium difficile spores. A., Babakhani F., Sears P., Nguyen L., Sorg J. Structural and functional analysis of the CspB protease required for Clostridium spore germination. Question marks indicate that there is suggestive, but no conclusive experimental evidence.Īdams C. Black arrows indicate the regulatory relationship between the factors has been confirmed, dashed arrows indicate the regulatory relationship between the factors has not been tested, red arrows, stops and boxes indicate the function of proteins and the correlation of factors has been confirmed recently. Dashed boxes indicate that the function of the proteins in regulation pathways has not been identified. Spo0A and Spo0A-P were scheduled in orange boxes, four sigma factors were colored in blue. Function of SpoIIQ-SpoIIIAH complex was characterized by Pinho group, recently (Serrano et al., 2016). CD1492 (CD630_14920), CcpA, and CodY were the negative regulators in sporulation pathways. Regulation of box SpoIIQ, SpoIIIA-H, CD1579 (CD630_15790), CD1492 (CD630_14920), CD2492 (CD630_24920), CcpA, CodY, and RstA were added in this figure based on the recent advances in C. This figure was drawn based on the references (Fimlaid et al., Fimlaid and Shen, 2015). difficile CDI germination spores sporulation. difficile and the corresponding therapeutic strategies that are aimed at these important processes.Ĭ. This review is to summarize recent advances on the regulation of sporulation/germination in C. Recent studies have shed light on the regulatory mechanisms of C. Meanwhile, it also produces spores that are responsible for the persistence and recurrence of C. difficile produces toxins (TcdA and TcdB) that are required to initiate the disease. difficile spores will germinate and outgrow to produce the pathogenic vegetative form. Spore formation and their subsequent germination play critical roles in C. Due to the strictly anaerobic nature of the vegetative form, spores are the main morphotype of infection and transmission of the disease. Clostridioides difficile is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, toxin-producing anaerobe, and an important nosocomial pathogen.
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